1 2251-9726 the iranian society of islamic history 1279 Special 1 7 2021 1 42 0 0 23 02 2023 01 07 2021
1220 Special Land ownership changes in Savad (Iraq) during the first period of Muslim conquests Imanpour Mohammad Taghi b najafzade Ali c b Professor, Department of ancient Iran, Ferdowsi University c PhD student of Iran Islamic history, Ferdowsi University 1 7 2021 1 42 5 26 16 07 2021 11 10 2021 The fall of the Sassanids changed the political, economical, social and cultural structures of Iran’s society. Changing land ownership was one of the consequences of this fall. Despite the importance of this issue, land ownership changes after the Muslim conquests of Savad (Iraq) have been less considered. The main question of this study is what kind of lands were in Savad and after the dominance of the Muslims, specifically during the period of the first three caliphs’ period, what were the changes of these lands’ ownership? Findings of the study indicate that land ownership of Savad was as Khaleseh (pure), Teuol, Endowment (Waqf), Private, Gift and Mavat (dead land). After the Muslim’s victory, the ownership of the lands that were conquered in peace did not change, but others did and became in the form of savafi, Endowment (waqf), Iqta' and tributary (Kharāj) lands. Although, the decisions of each of the Caliphs were different in this regard.   1221 Special Economic approach of Nizam al-Mulk relying on Siyar al-mulûk Parvin Nader d Soleimanian Moslem e Amorezaei Farhad f d Assistant professor, Department of Theology, Ilam university e Assistant Professor, Department of History, Ilam University f Assistant professor, Department of Theology, Ilam university 1 7 2021 1 42 27 44 15 06 2021 01 10 2021 The attack of the Seljuk Turks affected Iranian society and economy and caused an economic downturn of the society for some decades. Nizam al-Mulk Tusi (408-485 AH) was one of the Iranian bureaucrats during the Seljuk period who had valuable experiences of the economic and peasant traditions of Iran and by writing Siyar al-mulûk took an active approach and action in both the theoretical and practical fields about issues and challenges of his era. The main question of the research is what were the most important economic approaches of Nizam al-Mulk in the Seljuk court and military structure based on Siyar al-mulûk? The result of the research indicates that the most important theoretical and practical approaches of Nizam al-Mulk in the economic structure of the Seljuk government were monitoring the country's expenditure and the financial performance of the officials, the bureaucrats, and the judges, the necessity to pay attention to the rights and livelihood of the peasants and masses, preventing the bribery of doorkeepers and judges, improving the livelihood and the necessity to increase the military budget, the necessity of imposing taxes on conquered lands, supporting state and governmental ownership in a broad way and private ownership in a limited and conditional way.   1222 Special The role of Baghdad scribe women in developing Islamic sciences and culture in the fourth era of the Abbasid Caliphate (448-656 AH) Abbasi Ali Akbar g Forough Ayin Abbas h Foroughi Abri Asghar i Khalifeh Mojtaba j g Associate Professor, Department of History, University of Isfahan h PhD student of Islamic History, University of Isfahan i Associate Professor, Department of History, University of Isfahan j Assistant professor, Department of History, University of Birjand 1 7 2021 1 42 45 66 03 08 2021 31 10 2021 Scribe women in the Abbasid era were active in various political, social, and cultural fields. Analyzing Iraq scribe women, specifically Baghdad, in the fourth era of the Abbasid caliphate (448-656 AH), the present study seeks to answer the question of what was their roles in cultural changes and the development of Islamic sciences and culture. This study has used a historical research method based on the descriptive-analytical method. Findings indicate that scribe and calligrapher women had a special position in this period. They played a greater role in the development of Islamic sciences and culture, especially religious and narrative science such as ḥadīth, preaching, sermon, and jurisprudence (Fiqh) and many scholars and celebrities attended their classes. Scribe women let students narrate ḥadīth so that some of them became part of the Baghdad military instructors later. Some women were experts in calligraphy and trained famous students in this field. Because of their beautiful handwriting, they wrote Amali of various scholars for others and earned a living in this way. Also, scribe and calligrapher women influenced the court of the Abbasid Caliphate and wrote letters and Tawqi‘ of them. They taught calligraphy to the courts. Some of the scribe women wrote Diwan of great poets or wrote poetry themselves and in this way helped the development of Arabic poetry and literature. The importance and sanctity of the Holy Qur'an encouraged scribe women to transcribe, illuminate and interpret the Qur'an on a large scale. Some Shīʿa scribe women also played an effective role in the publication and promotion of Shiite sciences during this period.   1223 Special The position and function of educational institutions of the Salgharians (543-686 AH) Keshavarz (Beyzaei) Mohammad k k Associate professor of Islamic Theology, Bushehr University of Medical Science, Bushehr 1 7 2021 1 42 67 82 27 06 2021 06 10 2021 Despite the small territory, the local government of the Salgharians (Atabegs of Fars) was bright in terms of culture and education. Researchers have been working on the political and economical approaches of rulers often and have not paid much attention to the important functions of educational institutions. Through the descriptive-analytical method, this study seeks to answer the question that what was the position and function of Fars educational institutions in the Salgharians period. Findings indicate that the educational, nurturing, legitimizing, and dedication-oriented functions of the Salgharians’ educational institutions have been effective in the development of intellectual and narrative sciences, generating income for educational staff and the cultural and social prosperity of the Fars in that period. The relative security and welfare, the Salghari rulers’ policies against the invasion of the Mongols, building educational institutions such as schools, ribāṭs, mosques, hospitals, monasteries, and attracting scientists and artists flourished the Fars culturally in the Salgharians period.   1224 Special The position of Persian language and literature in Ottoman’s 19th century literature and historical developments Pashazade Gholam Ali l l Associate professor, Department of History, University of Tabriz 1 7 2021 1 42 83 100 11 08 2021 16 11 2021 With the spread of western reforms in the 13th/9th century, Ottoman’s literature was reformed either. To reform Ottoman literature, they decided to transform the Ottoman language and literature relations with Persian language and literature. On one hand, they considered problems of Ottoman literature regarding Pindaric and its inefficiency for entering new areas such as novel, drama, and journalism as the dominance of Persian language and literature and demanded for refining the Turkish Ottoman language from Persian words. On the other hand, they were aware of the necessity of benefiting from the treasures of Persian literature in the reform period. The causes and consequences of these dual approaches are issues that have been considered in the present study through a descriptive and analytical method and using19th century Ottoman texts to answer the question that why this dual approach was formed and what were the consequences. Findings of the study indicate that despite the negative view to the Persian language and literature in the 19th century among Ottoman scholars and consequently in the Ottoman society, efforts to remove works of Persian language and literature from Ottoman language and literature didn’t work due to historical and linguistic continuities and inevitably learning Persian language and literature and using its potentials was of necessities of the reform period.   1225 Special Abu Saleh Bazam’s news on the virtues of Khorasan Abui Mehrizi Mohammad Reza m m Assistant Professor, Department of history, International University of Ahl al-Bayt 1 7 2021 1 42 101 119 01 07 2021 16 09 2021 Abu Saleh Bazam is one of the Iranian followers (tābi‘ūn), narrators, and interpreters. He was the servant of Umm-e Hani, the daughter of Abū Ṭālib. He narrated numerous Ḥadīth from companions of the Prophet. Scholars and narrators expressed conflicting views on the correctness or weakness of his ḥadīths. Some of his ḥadīths are about the virtues of Khorasan. The main question of this study is what is the role of considering these ḥadīths on the disparaging and declaring trustworthy (Al-Jarh wa L-Ta’dil) of his ḥadīth personality? Using a historical approach and descriptive-analytical method, this article tried to study the reflection of his ḥadīths about the news of Khorasan in the historical texts after expressing the life of Abu Saleh Bazam, the servant of Umm-e Hani, and his relations with Banū Hāshim. Findings of the study is confirming the views of many narrators, Tarajom (Ethnography), and writing biographical layers (Tabaqat) about the weakness of Bazam’s ḥadīth and his cautious viewpoint about some of his narrations including news of the virtues of Khorasan.