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Mamluks despite their glorious past gradually became weak and finally collapsed. As this fact has always been a question for historians, this research from the view point of economic issues, seeks to find the main economic factors which collaborated in Mamluks fall.
Applying descriptive analytical approach, the study confirms that a bulk of economic in addition to political issues put serious effect on the fall of Mamluk authority. Political issues such as: the lack of legitimacy, civil conflicts, succession crisis and Ottoman’s frequent invasions should also be considered in the subject. In fact economic crisis as well as the discovery of “Cape of Good Hope” which resulted to the abandonment of Mamluk trade routes beside other problematic issues like: natural catastrophes, recession, poor production industry, administrative corruption, hoard and public discontent, led to the collapse of Mamluks. Indeed economic crisis along with political issues may lead to the collapse of any other administration.

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Iran and Egypt could consider as the main pioneers struggling against colonization in the Middle East and Islamic world in the first half of the twentieth century. Mohammad Mosaddegh and Jamal abd al_nasir, as pioneers of independence-seeking, by leading anti-colonization and liberal movements of their nation introduced a new form of struggle against colonization that eventually became an appropriate model for other leaders and colonized societies. Comparative comparison and considering the role and position of leaders of the two countries, paying attention to struggle method and their impact on each other, is the fundamental approach of the leading research, which is considered by historical comparison method using library resources. The present study seeks to answer the question of what was the most obvious difference and similarity between Dr Mohammad Mosaddegh and Jamal abd al_nasir encountering colonization? Research findings indicate that despite the difference in social and class origins of leaders of the two movements, i.e. Dr Mosaddegh with the parliamentary origin and Jamal abd al_nasir with the military origin, both had common goals and methods to struggle against colonization in the form of anti-alien nationalism, but to achieve this goal, they took different approaches dealing with the system of domination, as their policy at regional and international level has reflected in various forms such as Mossadegh's negative balance and positive neutrality and Arabic unity of Nāṣir.

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After the political concentration of Iran during the Ilkhanate period, trade flourished in the territory of Iran. For further prosperity and facilitation of trade, it was necessary to create travel infrastructures, amenities and roadside facilities. This research by a descriptive-analytical method aims to answer the question that what factors were effective in the growth of roadside facilities and increasing the comfort of travelers during the Ilkhanate period? The findings of the research indicate that the Ilkhanate by establishing sovereignty over their territory secured the roads. Also, they considered the infrastructure of roads with the participation of elders and court dependents and promoting charity and endowment (waqf). Therefore, charity played a significant role in the prosperity of these infrastructures. On the other hand, the crossing of the roads from the local governments’ political territory and the activity of the mystical ways along the roads led to the growth of the roadside facilities and the increase in travelers’ comfort during the Ilkhanate period.
 

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Some social strata in Iranian society underwent changes and transformations during the Ilkhanate period of the Mongols. The Sādāt were one of these strata whose value and prestige increased during the Ilkhanate era. The Ilkhans considered the Sādāt as the social elite of the Iranian society and held them in special respect. Sādāt were predominantly Shia, which further endeared them to the Mongols because the Shiites were more trusted by the Mongols than the Sunnis. The attribution of certain miracles to the Sādāt doubled their credibility among the Mongols. This article addresses the question of what special privileges the Sādāt enjoyed during the Ilkhanate period. The present study, using a descriptive-analytical research method and library data collection approach from primary historical sources, examines the social, economic, political, and managerial status of the Sādāt t during the Ilkhanate period of the Mongols. The findings indicated that the Sādāt were exempt from taxes. With the support of the Ilkhanid rulers, they attained important managerial positions and often held responsibilities and benefits related to endowments. After embracing Islam, the Ilkhans sought to get married with the Sādāt, demonstrating their commitment to Islam and portraying themselves as the rightful inheritors of governing authority over Muslims.
 

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