[Home ] [Archive]   [ فارسی ]  
:: Main :: About :: Current Issue :: Archive :: Search :: Submit :: Contact ::
Main Menu
Home::
Journal Information::
Articles archive::
For Authors::
For Reviewers::
Registration::
Contact us::
Site Facilities::
::
Search in website

Advanced Search
..
The Iranian Society of Islamic History
..
index
isc
noormags
magiran
sid
google scholar
virascience
academia
linked in
..
:: Volume 1, Issue 58 (summer 2025) ::
islamhistory 2025, 1(58): 22-25 Back to browse issues page
The Role of Theologians in Institutionalizing the Culture of Flattery and Political Courtesy within the Framework of Islamic Beliefs up to the Tenth Century
Zahra Nazarzadeh * , Alimohammad Valavi , Hedieh Taghavi , Maghsood Ferasatkhah
Abstract:   (29 Views)
Five groups of religious elites—jurists, theologians, Qur’anic exegetes, traditionists, and mystics—played a significant role in institutionalizing political courtesy and flattery in Iran. This study examines the role of theologians in this process. The central research question is: within the cultural geography of Iran up to the tenth century, how did theologians employ Islamic beliefs to praise, flatter, and legitimize political power? To answer this question, the works of 67 prominent Sunni and Shiʿi theologians were analyzed through a combined methodological approach consisting of content analysis, critical discourse analysis, and genealogy. The findings reveal an ideological divide: the dominant Sunni discourse (Ashʿarite–Maturidite), through concepts such as “absolute obedience” and the “prohibition of rebellion,” reproduced a “theology of order preservation” that legitimized ruling authority. In contrast, Shiʿi (Imami and Zaydi) and Muʿtazilite discourses, centered on the principles of “justice” and “divine designation (naṣṣ),” represented a “theology of protest.” This discursive struggle was shaped by geographical context (center versus periphery) and historical fluctuations in political power (centralization versus pluralism). Religious beliefs were transformed into instruments of flattering authority through specific linguistic mechanisms, such as the semantic distortion of concepts like “patience” (ṣabr) and “sedition” (fitna). The study concludes that the culture of political flattery was not an inherent phenomenon but rather a historical construct emerging from the alliance between religious elites and political authority for the reproduction of the dominant order. By uncovering the discursive roots of this phenomenon, the study provides a basis for its critical examination within the public sphere.
 
Keywords: Islamic beliefs, critical discourse analysis, political courtesies, theologians.
Full-Text [PDF 1042 kb]   (13 Downloads)    
Type of Study: Research | Subject: Special
Received: 2025/03/15 | Accepted: 2025/05/19
References
1. Abdurrahman, Ahmed (2019). "Religious Elites and Political Legitimization in the Early Abbasid Period". America: International Journal of Middle East Studies.
2. Aflāṭūn (2003). Jumhūrī. No place: No publisher. ]In Persian[
3. Alam Khan, Mohammad (2017). "The Ulama and the State: A Historical Sociology of Clerical Political Attitudes". England: British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies.
4. Al-Dhahabī, Shams al-Dīn Muḥammad (1403 AH). Al-ʿIbar fī Khabar man Ghabar. Kuwait: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah. ]In Arabic[
5. Al-Khaṭīb al-Baghdadi, Abū Bakr Aḥmad (1417 AH). Tarikh Baghdad. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah. ]In Arabic[
6. Al-Qushayrī, Abū al-Qāsim Saʿd (1422 AH). Al-Qurar fī al-rad ʿala ahl-I al-badʿ. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī. ]In Arabic[
7. Āmidī, Sayf al-Dīn ʿAlī ibn Abī ʿAlī (1420 AH). Ghayat al-Marām fī ʿIlm al-Kalām. Edited by Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh al-Khammās. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī. ]In Arabic[
8. ʿĀmulī, Muḥammad ibn Makkī (n.d.). Al-Alfiyyah fī al-Fiqh. Edited by Muḥammad Riḍā al-Ansari al-Qumi. Qom: Muʾassasat al-Nashr al-Islāmī. ]In Arabic[
9. Ansari, Hassan (2018). "Shiʿi Jurists and the Safavid State: A Study in Ideological Production". Poland: Studia Islamica, Brill.
10. Ashʿarī Qumi, Saʿd ibn ʿAbd Allāh (1362 AH). Al-Maqālāt WA al-Firaq. Edited by Muḥammad Jawād Mashkūr. No place: No publisher ].In Arabic[
11. Ashʿarī, ʿAboalghasem (1409 AH). Al-Maqālāt al-islamyyn. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī. ]In Arabic[
12. Baghdadi, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn Tahir (1428 AH). Uṣūl al-Īmān. Edited by ʿImād al-Dīn Aḥmad Ḥaydar. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah. ]In Arabic[
13. Balkhī (Kaʿbī), Abū al-Qāsim (n.d.). ʿAqāʾid al-Balkhī. Cairo: Maktabat al-Khānjī. ]In Arabic[
14. Bāqillānī, Abū Bakr Muḥammad ibn al-Ṭayyib (1428 AH). Tamhīd al-Awāʾil WA Talkhīṣ al-Dalāʾil. Edited by ʿImād al-Dīn Aḥmad Ḥaydar. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah. ]In Arabic[
15. Barbahārī, Abū Muḥammad al-Ḥasan ibn ʿAlī (1415 AH). Sharḥ al-Sunnah. Edited by Ṭāhā Muʿawwaḍ al-Ruways. Riyadh: Jāmiʿat al-Imam Muḥammad ibn Saʿūd al-Islāmiyyah. ]In Arabic[
16. Bozdawdī, Sadr al-Islām Abū Yaʿlā Muḥammad ibn al-Husayn (1428 AH). Uṣūl al-Dīn. Edited by ʿImād al-Dīn Aḥmad Ḥaydar. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah. ]In Arabic[
17. Dashtakī Shīrāzī, Ghiyāth al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Karīm (n.d.). Ishrāq al-Tanzīl fī Uṣūl al-Dīn. Manuscript No. 6832. Qom: Maktabat Āyat Allāh al-Marʿashī al-Najafi. ]In Arabic[
18. Davani, Jalal Al-din (n.d.). Akhlagh Jalali. Tehran: Kharazmi. ]In Persian[
19. Daylamī, Ḥamzah ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz Salār (1420 AH). Taqrīb fī Uṣūl al-Dīn. Edited by Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh al-Khammās. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī. ]In Arabic[
20. Fairclough, Norman (1390 SH). Taḥlīl-i Guftimān-i Intiqādī: Intiqādī-yi Zaban. Translate by Gurūh-i Mutarjimān. Tehran: Dānishgāh-i Imam Ṣādiq. ]In Persian[
21. Fārābī, Abū Nasr Muḥammad (1995). Ārāʾ Ahl al-Madīnah al-Fāḍilah. Beirut: Dār al-Mashriq. ]In Arabic[
22. Farooq, Imran (2019). "Theological Foundations of Political Quietism in Sunni Islam: From Ashʿarism to the Modern State". America: Journal of the American Academy of Religion.
23. Firishtah, Muḥammad Qāsim ibn Hindūshāh (1346 SH). Tārīkh-i Firishtah. Tehran: Amir Kabīr. ]In Persian[
24. Foucault, Michel (1386 SH). Bastan-Shināsī-yi Danish. Translate by Nikoo Sarkhosh VA Afshin Jahandideh. Tehran: Nashr-i Nī. ]In Persian[
25. Ghazālī, Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad (1414 AH). Faḍāʾil al-Annam min Rasāʾil Ḥujjat al-Islām. Beirut: Dār al-Bashāʾir al-Islāmiyyah. ]In Arabic[
26. Ghazālī, Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad (1424 AH). Al-Iqtiṣād fī al-Iʿtiqād. Edited by ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad al-Khalīlī. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah. ]In Arabic[
27. Ḥalabī, Abū al-Ḥasan Aḥmad ibn ʿAlī (1409 AH). Ishārat al-Sabaq ILA Maʿrifat al-Ḥaqq. Edited by Seyyed Jalal al-Dīn Muḥaddith. Qom: Maktabat Āyat Allāh al-Marʿashī al-Najafi. ]In Arabic[
28. Ḥalabī, Abū Salah Taqī ibn Najm al-Dīn (1417 AH). Taqrīb al-Maʿārif. Edited by Fārūq Saʿd. Qom: Muʾassasat al-Nashr al-Islāmī. ]In Arabic[
29. Ḥalabī, Ibn Zohreh Taqī ibn Najm al-Dīn (n.d.). Al-Nuzūʿ ILA ʿIlmay al-Uṣūl WA al-Furūʿ. Edited by Muḥammad Riḍā Jalālī. Qom: Muʾassasat al-Nashr al-Islāmī. ]In Arabic[
30. Hamadānī, Rashid al-Dīn Fazl Allāh (1386 SH). Jāmiʿ al-Tawārīkh. Tehran: ʿElmi VA Farhangi. ]In Persian[
31. Hārūnī, Abū Ṭālib Yaḥyā (1428 AH). Al-Ifādah fī Tarikh al-Aʾimmah al-Zaydiyyah. Edited by ʿAbd Allāh ibn Muḥammad al-Sharafī. Ṣanʿāʾ: Maktabat al-Imam Zayd ibn ʿAlī al-Thaqāfiyyah. ]In Arabic[
32. Ḥillī, al-Ḥasan ibn Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥasan ibn Fahd (1410 AH). Al-Masāʾil. Edited by Majid al-Ḥammādī. Qom: Muʾassasat al-Nashr al-Islāmī. ]In Arabic[
33. Ḥillī, Ḥasan ibn Yūsuf (1407 AH). Kashf al-Murād fī Sharḥ Tajrīd al-Iʿtiqād. Edited by Ḥasan Ḥasan-Zādah ʿĀmulī. Tehran: Islāmiyyah ]In Arabic[
34. Ḥillī, Ḥasan ibn Yūsuf (1412 AH). Iḍāḥ al-Maqāṣid min Hekmat Ayn al-Qawāʿid. Edited by Muhammad Mashkūr and Ali Naqi Monzavi. Tehran: Islamiyyah. ]In Arabic[
35. Ḥillī, Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥasan (1387 AH). Iḍāḥ al-Fawāʾid fī Sharḥ Mushkilāt al-Qawāʿid. Edited by Jalal al-Dīn Muḥaddith Urmawī. Qom: Muʾassasat Ismāʿīliyān. ]In Arabic[
36. Hosseini, Sara (2021). "Discourse Analysis of Islamic Political Texts: The Case of Obedience to Rulers". Poland: Critical Discourse Studies.
37. Ibn al-Jawzī, ʿAbd al-Rahman (1358 AH). Al-Muntaẓam fī Tarikh al-Mulūk WA al-Umam. Beirut: Dār SAR. ]In Arabic[
38. Ibn Fūrak, Abū Bakr Muḥammad al-Isfahani (1426 AH). Al-Majmūʿ fī Uṣūl al-Dīn. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah. ]In Arabic[
39. Ījī, ʿAzud al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Rahman ibn Aḥmad (1420 AH). Al-Mawāqif fī ʿIlm al-Kalām. Edited by ʿAbd al-Rahman Badawī. Cairo: Dār al-Turāth. ]In Arabic[
40. ʿIlm al-Huda, ʿAlī ibn al-Hussein (1411 AH). Al-Dhakhīrah fī ʿIlm al-Kalām. Edited by Seyyed Aḥmad al-Hussein. Qom: Muʾassasat al-Nashr al-Islāmī. ]In Arabic[
41. Isfarāyīnī, Abū Ishaq Ibrāhīm ibn Aḥmad (1420 AH). Jāmiʿ fī Uṣūl al-Dīn. Edited by Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh al-Khammās. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī. ]In Arabic[
42. Jāḥiẓ, Abu Osman Amr Ibn Al-Bahr (2002). Al-Rasāʾil al-Kalāmiyyah. Edited by ʿAlī Abū Melham. Beirut: Dār WA Maktabat al-Hilāl. ]In Arabic[
43. Jorjani, Ali Ibn Muhammad (n.d.). Al- Mawaqif. No place: No publisher. ]In Arabic[
44. Juwaynī, Abū al-Maʿālī ʿAbd al-Malik ibn ʿAbd Allāh (1377 AH). Al-Irshād ILA Qawāṭiʿ al-Adillah fī Uṣūl al-Iʿtiqād. Edited by ʿAbd al-ʿAẓīm al-Zarqā. ]In Arabic[
45. Juwaynī, ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn ʿAṭāʾ al-Malik ibn Muḥammad (1385 SH). Tārīkh-i Jahān-Gushā. Tehran: Dunyā-yi Kitāb. ]In Persian[
46. Karakī, ʿAlī ibn al-Husain (1407 AH). Jāmiʿ al-Maqāṣid fī Sharḥ al-Qawāʿid. Edited by ʿAbd al-Rahim al-ʿĀbidī al-Khumaynī. Qom: Muʾassat al-Bayt ʿAlayhim al-Salam. ]In Arabic[
47. Khafrī, Shams al-Dīn Muḥammad (1407 AH). Al-ʿAqāʾid al-Jaliyah fī Uṣūl al-Dīn. Edited by al-Seyyed Mahdi al-Rajāʾī. Qom: Maktabat Āyat Allāh al-Marʿashī al-Najafi.]In Arabic[
48. Khayyāṭ, Abū al-Husayn (1428 AH). Al-Intisar WA al-Radd ʿAlāʾ Ibn al-Rāwandī al-Mulḥid. Edited by ʿImād al-Dīn Aḥmad Ḥaydar. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah. ]In Arabic[
49. Kīdarī Shīrāzī, Quṭb al-Dīn (1406 AH). Durrat al-Tāj li-Ghurrat al-Dibāj (Qism al-Kalām). edited by Seyyed Mahdi al-Rajāʾī. Qom: Maktabat Āyat Allāh al-Marʿashī al-Najafi. ]In Arabic[
50. Kirmānī, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Ḥarb (1420 AH). Masāʾil al-Imam Aḥmad. Edited by Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh al-Khammās. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī. ]In Arabic[
51. Kirmānī, Ḥāmid al-Dīn Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad (1387 AH). Rāḥat al-ʿAql. Edited by Muḥammad Kāmil Husain VA Muḥammad Mustafa Ḥilmī. Beirut: Dār al-Andalus. ]In Arabic[
52. Krippendorff, Klaus (1386 SH). Taḥlīl-i Muḥtavā (Mabānī-yi Ravesh-Shināsī). Translate by Hūshang Nāyibī. Tehran: Nashr-i Nī] .In Persian[
53. Kūfī, Abū al-Qāsim ʿAlī ibn Aḥmad (1428 AH). Al-Istighāthah fī Bid at al-Imāmah. Edited by Seyyed Muḥammad Riḍā al-Hosseini. Qom: Dār al-Kitāb al-Islāmī. ]In Arabic[
54. Malāḥimī Khwārazmī, Mahmud ibn Muḥammad (1424 AH). Al-Muʿtamad fī Uṣūl al-Dīn. Edited by ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad al-Khalīlī. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah. ]In Arabic[
55. Māturīdī, Abū al-Thana Mahmud ibn Muḥammad (1424 AH). Al-Tamhīd li-Qawāʿid al-Tawḥīd. Edited by ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad al-Khalīlī. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah. ]In Arabic[
56. Māturīdī, Abū Mansur Muḥammad (1424 AH). Al-Tawḥīd. Edited by ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad al-Khalīlī. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah. ]In Arabic[
57. Molki, Lina (2018). "The Concept of 'Flattery' (Madḥ) in Medieval Islamic Political Culture. England": Journal of Islamic Studies, Oxford.
58. Mufid, Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad (1428 AH). Awāʾil al-Maqālāt. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah. ]In Arabic[
59. Nasafī, Abū al-Muʿīn Maymūn (1420 AH). Tabṣirat al-Adillah. Edited by Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh al-Khammās. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī. ]In Arabic[
60. Nasafī, Hafiz al-Dīn Abī al-Barakāt ʿAbd Allāh (1377 AH). Al-Manār fī Uṣūl al-Dīn. Edited by ʿAbd al-ʿAẓīm al-Zarqā. Cairo: Dār al-Khānjī] .In Arabic[
61. Nasafī, Hafiz al-Dīn Abū al-Barakāt (n.d.). Madārij al-Kamal fī Manāqib al-Aʾimmah al-Aṭhār. Tehran: Kitābkhānah-i Malik. ]In Arabic[
62. Nasafī, Najm al-Dīn Umar (1377 AH). Al-ʿAqāʾid al-Nasafiyyah. Edited by ʿAbd al-ʿAẓīm al-Zarqā. Cairo: Dār al-Khānjī] .In Arabic[
63. Nasawī, Abū ʿAbd Allāh al-Hussein (1428 AH). Al-Ḥujjah. Edited by ʿImād al-Dīn Aḥmad Ḥaydar. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah. ]In Arabic[
64. Nasir li’l-Ḥaqq, al-Ḥasan ibn Umar al-Ashraf (1425 AH). Al-Tajrīd fī Kalimat al-Tawḥīd (known as al-Tajrīd fī Uṣūl al-Dīn). Ṣanʿāʾ: Dār al-Ḥikmah al-Yamāniyyah. ]In Arabic[
65. Naṭanzī, Muʿīn al-Dīn (1336 SH). Muntakhab al-Tawārīkh-i Muʿīnī (Tārīkh-i Āl-i Muẓaffar). Tehran: Kitābfurūshī-i Khayyam. ]In Persian[
66. Nawbakhtī, Abū Muḥammad al-Ḥasan (1348 AH). Firaq al-Shīʿah. Edited by Helmut Ritter. No place: No publisher. ]In Arabic[
67. Nawbakhtī, Abū Sahl Ismāʿīl (1428 AH). Al-Tanbīh. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah. ]In Arabic[
68. Nīsābūrī, al-Fazl ibn Shādhān (1428 AH). Al-Iḍāḥ. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah. ]In Arabic[
69. Qubādiyānī, Nasir Khusraw (1404 AH). Jāmiʿ al-Hikmatayn. Edited by ʿAlī Qulī Quraysh i. Beirut: Dār al-Gharb al-Islāmī] .In Persian[
70. Qumi, Qāḍī al-Said (1428 AH). Al-Arbaʿūn Ḥadīth fī al-Imāmah WA al-Wilāyah. Edited by Seyyed ʿAlī Milani, Qom: Maktabat Āyat Allāh al-Marʿashī al-Najafi. ]In Arabic[
71. Qūshchī, ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn ʿAlī ibn Muḥammad (1420 AH). Sharḥ Tajrīd al-ʿAqāʾid. Edited by Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh al-Khammās. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī. ]In Arabic[
72. Rāwandī, Quṭb al-Dīn Said (1409 AH). Al-Kharāj WA al-Jarāʾiḥ. Edited by Seyyed Muḥammad Baqir Musavi. Qom: Maktabat Āyat Allāh al-Marʿashī al-Najafi. ]In Arabic[
73. Razi, Abū Ḥātim Aḥmad ibn Ḥamdān (1421 AH). Aʿlām al-Nubuwwah. Edited by Sālim al-Karnakī, Yūsuf al-Shaykh. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah. ]In Arabic[
74. Razi, Fakhr al-Dīn Muḥammad (1415 AH). Al-Maḥṣūl fī ʿIlm al-Kalām (al-Maḥṣūl fī Uṣūl al-Dīn). Edited by Muʿawwaḍ al-Ruways. Riyadh: Jāmiʿat al-Imam Muḥammad ibn Saʿūd al-Islāmiyyah. ]In Arabic[
75. Razi, Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd al-Rahman (1420 AH). Al-Inṣāf fī al-Imāmah. Edited by ʿAbd al-Rahman Badawī. Beirut: Dār al-Turāth. ]In Arabic[
76. Rezaei, Kourosh (2020). "Persianate Political Theology: The Concept of Farr-e Izadī and its Islamic Adaptations". America: Iranian Studies, Rutledge.
77. Ṣābūnī, Nūr al-Dīn (1420 AH). Al-Badīʿ fī Uṣūl al-Dīn. Edited by Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh al-Khammās. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī. ]In Arabic[
78. Ṣadūq, Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī (1413 AH). Al-Iʿtiqādat. Edited by ʿAlī Mir Sharīfī. Qom: Maktabat al-Aʿlām al-Islāmī. ]In Arabic[
79. Samarqandī, Abū al-Layth (1424 AH). Sharḥ Fiqh al-Akbar (attributed to Abū Ḥanīfah). Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah. ]In Arabic[
80. Sayyūrī, Miqdād ibn ʿAbd Allāh (1422 AH). Al-Lawāmiʿ al-Ilāhiyyah fī al-Mabāḥith al-Kalāmiyyah. Edited by Muḥammad ʿAlī al-Qāḍī al-Ṭabāṭabāʾī. Qom: Daftar-i Tablīghāt-i Islāmī Ḥawzah-i ʿIlmiyyah Qom. ]In Arabic[
81. Shīrāzī, Abū Ishaq Ibrāhīm (1399 AH). Al-Ishārah ILA Madhhab Ahl al-Ḥaqq. Edited by Muḥammad Riḍā Jalālī. Tehran: Maktabat al-Islāmiyyah. ]In Arabic[
82. Sijistānī, Abū Yaʿqūb (1363 SH). Kashf al-Maḥjūb. Edited by H. Corbin. Tehran: Muʾassasat al-Dirāsāt al-Islāmiyyah. ]In Arabic[
83. Ṭabrasī, Abū Mansur Aḥmad ibn ʿAlī (1403 AH). Al-Iḥtijāj. Edited by al-Seyyed Muḥammad Baqir al-Kherson. Mashhad: al-Murtaḍā. ]In Arabic[
84. Taftāzānī, Saʿd al-Dīn Masʿūd ibn Umar (1425 AH). Sharḥ al-Maqāṣid fī ʿIlm al-Kalām. Edited by ʿAbd al-Rahman Badawī. Cairo: Dār al-Maʿārif al-Nuʿmāniyyah. ]In Arabic[
85. Tamimi, Abū al-Fazl ʿAbd Allāh ibn Muḥammad (1428 AH). Al-Iʿtiqād. Edited by ʿImād al-Dīn Aḥmad Ḥaydar. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah. ]In Arabic[
86. Ṭūsī, Abū Jaʿfar Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥasan (1400 AH). Al-Iqtiṣād. Qom: Maktabat al-ʿAṣriyyah. ]In Arabic[
87. Ṭūsī, Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥasan (1407 AH). Qawāʿid al-ʿAqāʾid. Qom: Daftar-i Tablīghāt-i Ḥawzah-i ʿIlmiyyah Qom. ]In Arabic[
88. Ṭūsī, Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥasan (1407 AH). Tajrīd al-Iʿtiqād. Qom: Daftar-i Tablīghāt-i Islāmī Ḥawzah-i ʿIlmiyyah Qom. ]In Arabic[
89. Urmawī, Sirāj al-Dīn (1377 AH). Al-Mawāqif fī ʿIlm al-Kalām. Edited by ʿAbd al-ʿAẓīm al-Zarqā. Cairo: Dār al-Turāth. ]In Arabic[
90. Uṭrūsh, al-Ḥasan ibn Yūsuf al-Hariri al-Dāʿī al-Kabīr (1430 AH). Al-Muntakhab fī Uṣūl al-Dīn. Edited by ʿAbd Allāh ibn Muḥammad al-Yamani. Ṣanʿāʾ: Maktabat al-Imam Zayd ibn ʿAlī al-Thaqāfiyyah. ]In Arabic[


XML   Persian Abstract   Print


Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:

Nazarzadeh Z, valavi A, Taghavi H, Ferasatkhah M. The Role of Theologians in Institutionalizing the Culture of Flattery and Political Courtesy within the Framework of Islamic Beliefs up to the Tenth Century. islamhistory 2025; 1 (58) :22-25
URL: http://journal.isihistory.ir/article-1-1515-en.html


Rights and permissions
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Volume 1, Issue 58 (summer 2025) Back to browse issues page
پژوهش نامه تاریخ اسلام (فصلنامه انجمن ایرانی تاریخ اسلام) Quartely Research Journal of Islamic History
Persian site map - English site map - Created in 0.18 seconds with 40 queries by YEKTAWEB 4745